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Solar Radiation Intensity Formula:
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Solar radiation intensity refers to the amount of solar energy received per unit area per unit time. It depends on the solar constant and the angle at which sunlight strikes the surface, following the cosine law of illumination.
The calculator uses the solar radiation intensity formula:
Where:
Explanation: The formula calculates the actual solar intensity on a surface based on the angle between the surface normal and the direction of incoming solar radiation. Maximum intensity occurs when the surface is perpendicular to the sun's rays (θ = 0°).
Details: Accurate solar radiation calculation is crucial for solar energy system design, architectural planning, agricultural optimization, and climate studies. It helps determine optimal panel orientation and energy production potential.
Tips: Enter solar constant in W/m² (typically 1361 W/m² for Earth), angle in degrees (0-90°). The solar constant represents solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
Q1: What is the standard solar constant value?
A: The solar constant is approximately 1361 W/m², representing the solar irradiance at the top of Earth's atmosphere.
Q2: Why does angle affect solar intensity?
A: As the angle increases, the same amount of solar energy spreads over a larger surface area, reducing the intensity per unit area according to the cosine law.
Q3: What angle gives maximum intensity?
A: Maximum intensity occurs at 0° (surface perpendicular to sun's rays), where cos(0°) = 1, giving I = S.
Q4: How does atmospheric absorption affect calculations?
A: This formula calculates theoretical maximum. Actual ground-level intensity is reduced by atmospheric absorption, scattering, and weather conditions.
Q5: Can this be used for solar panel positioning?
A: Yes, it helps determine optimal tilt angles for solar panels to maximize energy capture throughout the year.